The Rushton Report
A study and analysis of the rise of right-wing politics and attitudes
in the FRG over two decades.
by
Contents
1.2 Introduction The original version of this paper was written as a final
year undergraduate dissertation in the Department of German
Studies at the University of Birmingham (UK). It is my
intention to try to keep this work updated, although I cannot
guarantee that updates will be regularly published.
The format of the first half of this paper is principally
chronological, detailing important events, such as the
founding of individual extremist parties and subsequent
government legislation aimed at curbing their activities. The
second half of the paper concentrates on the present-day scene
in Germany, with particular reference to the reasons behind
the popularity of the right-wing extremists and certain
parties, the radical right-wingers and
skinheads and the
reaction of the Government and the public.
2.0 CHRONOLOGY In 1973, the founder of the neo-Nazi group Bauern- und
Buergerinitiative, Thies Christophersen, published a text
entitled Die Auschwitz-Luege (The Auschwitz Lie), one of many
such revisionist articles to appear in the 1970s and 1980s,
culminating in the infamous
Leuchter Report. Also in this
year, Joachim Floth founded his Deutsch-Voelkische Gemeinschaft
(DVG).
1974 saw the arrival of three new right-wing
organisations: the Wehrsportgruppe Hoffmann (WSG), the
Deutsche Sozialistische Volkspartei and the Unabhaengiger
Schuelerverbund. In September of the same year, the Rechtsblock
fuer Arbeiter, Bauern und Soldaten was also formed, whilst in
November,
Gary Rex Lauck, an American revisionist, was
arrested and expelled for extolling the virtues of National
Socialism.
In March 1975, the Bund Freies Deutschland won 3.4% of
the votes in the elections for the Berliner Abgeordnetenhaus.
In April of the same year, the Kampfbund Deutscher Soldaten
(KDS) was formed in Frankfurt am Main. Its main policy was one
of Holocaust denial, possibly sparked off by Christophersen's
Die Auschwitz-Luege and similar publications.
In October, the Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands(NPD)
was deemed to be an extremist party and to have
unconstitutional aims. Proof that banning one party did not
prevent the extremists is demonstrated by the fact that in
December, Manfred Ohl a former NPD official founded the
Nationalrevolutionaerer Bund (NRB).
In March 1976
Gary Rex Lauck entered Germany with a false
passport and was subsequently arrested in Mainz, before being
given a four year jail sentence and fine in July, for
spreading Nazi propaganda. He was later expelled from Germany,
although he was allowed to return in 1979 to testify at the
trial of a neo-Nazi.
May 1977 saw Michael Kuehnen, a former lieutenant in the
German army, form the SA-Sturm-Hamburg. This marked the start
of Kuehnen's career as a neo-Nazi leader. In November he was to
found the Aktionsfront Nationaler Sozialisten. In September
the Bund Deutscher Maedel (BDM) was formed in Hamburg to follow
the ideals laid down by its Nazi namesake. It was in this year
that the former Chancellor Willy Brandt called for a crackdown
on neo-Nazi activities. Consequently all states were required
to submit a report on extremist activity in their regions.
In March 1978, the leader of the Wehrsportgruppe Hoffmann
was sentenced to imprisonment and fined for assembling an arms
cache.
In 1978 and 1979 the Government banned, or prevented the
distribution to minors, of over 50 neo-Nazi publications.
On March 17th 1979, the Freiheitliche Deutsche
Arbeiterpartei (FAP) was founded by Martin Pappe, an
unemployed salesman and teacher. During the summer of this
year, the Hilfsorganisation fuer nationale politische Gefangene
und deren Angehoerige e.V. (HNG) was founded. This was an
umbrella group which aimed to provide mainly financial support
for neo-Nazis. Considering the benefactors of the work of this
organisation, it is quite surprising that it managed to
achieve the status of a registered charity.
In September, Michael Kuehnen was arrested for inciting
racist attacks and was given a four year sentence, during
which he wrote Die Zweite Revolution. Glaube und Kampf (The
Second revolution. Belief and Battle), extolling the virtues
of a Fourth Reich. His sentence was extended by eight months
in April 1992, for sending a copy of this book to Thies
Christophersen for publishing.<1> In early December Gerhard
Frey founded the Volksbewegung fuer Generalamnestie (VOGA).
In 1979 and 1980 a Hollywood television series, entitled
Holocaust, was screened throughout Western Europe, including
Germany. A survey conducted by a West German television
company found that 41% of Germans with televisions saw the
final episode of the series, and whilst 75% of these were born
after Hitler's rise to power in 1933, and so would have been
12 years old at the end of the war, possibly too young to
remember the events in any great detail. The survey also found
that 81% of those who watched the final episode discussed it
with others and that 65% admitted to being "deeply moved" by
it.<2> The series was attacked by the NPD's newspaper, the
Deutsche Stimme, and the Deutsche National-Zeitung, the
newspaper of the DVU, as being Hollywood propaganda, and led
to an increase in neo-Nazi activity throughout Germany.
In January 1980 Gerhart Baum, the Interior Minister,
banned the Wehrsportgruppe Hoffmann for being
anti-constitutional because of its appeal to the young,
although in March, Karl-Heinz Hoffmann took his objections to
the Administrative Courtin Berlin, which dismissed the
complaint on December 2nd. On September 28th at the
Oktoberfest in Munich, a 24lb bomb placed near the entrance,
killed 12 people, including the bomber, and injured 312. A
neo-Nazi group, initially suspected to be the Wehrsportgruppe
Hoffmann, claimed responsibility, although it was later
discovered that the bomber had left the paramilitary group
prior to the attack.
On the 24th March 1981, a series of raids on numerous
apartments across the Federal Republic, led to the
confiscation of a large amount of Canadian and American
anti-Semitic material. Wilkinson states that nearly 1,000
homes were raided, although Angelika Koenigseder quotes a
figure of about 450.<3>
Gary Lauck and
Ernst Zündel, a German
Revisionist living in Canada, were subsequently arrested and
charged with the smuggling and distribution of banned neo-Nazi
propaganda. In April tough new laws were introduced, banning
the distribution of anti-Semitic propaganda, including
Hitler's autobiography Mein Kampf.
On October 24th, 156kg of explosives, 13,520 rounds of
ammunition and 1kg of the highly toxic potassium cyanide were
found on Lueneburg Heath. In November, Franz Schoenhuber
published his book, Ich war dabei (I Was There), celebrating
his days in the Waffen-SS. This led to him leaving the CSU,
although the right-wing Deutsche National-Zeitung pronounced
it to be the "book of the year".
In its 1981 report, the Office for the Protection of the
Constitution declared that crime caused by the right
extremists was at its highest level since the end of the
Second World War, having recorded 1,824 incidents, an increase
of 11% on the previous year. Wilkinson states that:
"Two thirds of these were directly linked to the neo-Nazi
groups, and over 300 were anti-Semitic."<4>
In January 1982, the Interior Minister, Gerhart Baum,
banned the Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei
der Arbeit (VSBD/PdA), led by Friedhelm Busse, and the Junge
Front (JF). In February the Freundeskreis Ulrich Hutten was
founded, whilst in March, Friedrich Ring founded the Deutscher
Buergerschutz (DBS) in response to growing crime and an
increase in the influx of foreigners. In April the Hamburger
Liste fuer Auslaenderstopp was formed.
January 1983 saw the merger of the Aktionsfront
Nationaler Sozialisten with the Nationale Aktivisten (NA),
forming the ANS/NA. On April 1st the Deutsche
Freiheitsbewegung (DDF) was formed. In November, former
CSU-Bundestagsabgeordnete Franz Handlos and Ekkehard Voigt
formed die Republikaner with Franz Schoenhuber. On December
7th, the Interior Minister banned the Aktionsfront Nationaler
Sozialisten/Nationale Aktivisten and affiliated organisations.
Also in this year, Friedhelm Busse was sentenced to three
years and nine months imprisonment for numerous offences
involving the possession of firearms.
On 28th April 1984, the Nationaldemokratische Partei
Deutschlands (NPD) in North Rhein-Westphalia first used
skinheads for security at its regional party conference.
Vehicles were damaged and political opponents injured. In
April, Michael Kuehnen founded the ANS-Auslandsorganisation
(ANS-AO), as a precursor to a pan-European extremist movement.
On May 26th the Komitee zur Vorbereitung der Feierlichkeiten
des 100. Geburtstages von Adolf Hitler (KAH) (Committee for
the Preparations for the Celebrations of the 100th Birthday of
Adolf Hitler) was formed. At its conference in November, the
NPD rejected a motion calling for the party to distance itself
from the skinhead movement.
In January 1985, the FAP and the Wiking-Jugend formed an
umbrella organisation for nationalist groups: the Volkstreue
ausserparlamentarische Opposition (VAPO). In March, Voigt and
Handlos left the Republikaner and set up the Bayerische
Republikaner and the Freiheitliche Volkspartei (FVP)
respectively. Also in March, the Soziale Volkspartei was
formed in Berlin. At the Erste Europaeische Fuehrerthing in
Paris on September 1st, many right-wing organisations decide
to coordinate their activities on a European level. In
November, two further organisations were formed: the
Nationalistische Front (NF) and the Deutsche
Aktionspartei/Bewegung der totalen Ordnung (DAP).
In September 1986, the Gemeinschaft Eisernes Kreuz EK1
was formed by former members of the FAP, whilst on October
12th, the Republikaner won 3% of the vote in the Bavarian
regional elections. In November, Gerhard Frey of the Deutsche
Volksunion (DVU), founded the Deutsche Volksliste.
On March 11th 1987, the former NPD official
Guenter Deckert founded Die Deutschen, whilst on April 17th the
Koenigstreue Deutsche Volkspartei (KDVP) was formed.
In late August, neo-Nazis demonstrated in Wunsiedel, awaiting
the funeral of Rudolf Hess. In September, two more extremist
organisations were formed: namely the Arbeitskreis Junge
Familie and the Sturmvogel - Deutscher Jugendbund.
In January 1988, the Deutsch-Nationale Volkspartei (DNVP)
was formed. On 5th April,
Fred A. Leuchter published the
Leuchter Report in the USA. As an engineer and self-pronounced
gas chamber expert, he claimed that the mass killings of the
Jews in the so-called "extermination
camps" could not have
taken place. This served to strengthen the beliefs of
right-wing extremists, neo-Nazis and Revisionists, that there
was no mass-extermination of the Jews under the Third Reich.
The Auto- und Buergerpartei (ABD) was founded in September,
followed by Die Demokraten in November.
On January 2nd 1989, during the campaign for the
elections for the Berlin House of Representatives, the
Republikaner showed a television advertisement of Turkish
children and, in the background, music from the film Spiel mir
das Lied vom Tod (Play Me The Song of Death). In the elections
later that month, the Republikaner won 7.5% of the votes.
However, in June, they won 7.1% of the votes (i.e. two million
votes) in the European elections, with a result of 14.6% in
Bavaria. In May of that year, the Munich court ordered the
withdrawal of a computer diskette containing a program
entitled Arier-Test (Aryan Test).
In July 1990, former FAP activists formed the Nationale
Offensive (NO).
After the banning of the Internationaler
Revisionistenkongress / Leuchter-Kongress in Munich in March
1991 and the arrest of its organiser
Ernst Zündel, 400
delegates protested in the city. On 25th April Michael Kuehnen,
"outed" as a homosexual during his three year incarceration
between 1985 and 1988, died from an AIDS-related illness.
From 17th to 22nd September radical right-wing
On March 14th 1992, a
Skinhead concert was held near
Weimar, with German groups such as Radikahl and Kraftschlag
playing alongside American groups such as Bound for Glory. On
April 5th the Republikaner won 10.9% of the votes in the
regional elections in Badem-Wuerttemberg, whilst in a Berlin
district election in May the party won 8.3% of the votes cast.
In July, the Foerderwerk Mitteldeutsche Jugend (FMJ) was
founded. From August 22nd to 28th there was heavy rioting
outside a home for asylum seekers in Rostock-Lichtenhagen,
culminating in an arson attack on the home on the 25th.
Between August 29th and September 2nd, there was major rioting
outside an asylum seekers refuge in Cottbus. On November 23rd
one Turkish woman and two Turkish children were killed and
nine others injured when neo-Nazis set fire to their refuge in
Moelln (Schleswig-Holstein). Four days later the
Nationalsozialistische Front (NF) was banned, as was the
Deutsche Alternative on December 10th, the Deutscher
Kameradschaftsbund (DKB) on the 21st and the Nationale
Offensive on the 22nd. The events at Rostock and Cottbus
marked the start of a new wave of violence throughout Germany:
from September to December 4167 racially motivated incidents
were recorded, both the violent and the non-violent, compared
with 2169 incidents in the period from January to August.<5>
On May 29th 1993, an arson attack on a house in Solingen
killed five Turkish women and a girl, sparking off a new surge
of extremist violence against foreigners throughout Germany.
On August 27th Brandenburg became the first state to ban the
use of the Reichskriegsflagge, a symbol used by the neo-Nazis
to stir up hatred against foreigners. This move was followed
only days later by a similar ban in other states. Joerg
Petritsch, a singer with the skinhead group Stoerkraft, was
given a two-year suspended sentence for spreading
Nazi-propaganda. On October 29th, Cologne police arrested Fred
A. Leuchter and charged him with Holocaust denial.
On April 14th 1994, when Manfred Kanther, the Interior
Minister, published the 1993 Report of the Office for the
Protection of the Constitution, he stated that he had no
intention of banning either the Republikaner or the Deutsche
Volksunion (DVU), for fear of driving their 23,000 members
underground. Instead, he said, the parties would continue to
be carefully monitored by the police. On May 14th, neo-Nazis
terrorised foreigners in Magdeburg by shouting "Deutschland
den Deutschen" ("Germany for the Germans") and chasing African
students into a cafi before beating them with iron bars.
On the 17th January 1995, the trial of three men and one
woman began in Gross-Gerau. The four are charged with
publishing the neo-Nazi booklet Der Einblick in 1993,
containing the names and addresses of about 200 political
opponents. Despite being withdrawn, some 180 copies are
estimated to remain in circulation. The Dignity Report from
February 15th 1994 said the following of the publication:
"On the pages of Der Einblick, the top leadership in German
neo-Nazi networks issues a call to "neutralize all
anti-German, anti-nationalist forces" and urge followers to
"stop squandering the enormous violent potential" of the
racist movement and to "mount successful counter actions." The
publication contains information on intelligence gathering
techniques and urges neo-Nazis to cultivate relations with
police so that "data can be gathered without danger to
oneself.""
On the 18th January, the Office for the Protection
reported that the 1994 figures for right-wing offences in
Berlin had risen from 650 in 1993 to 750. On 24th February,
the Government eventually banned the FAP, described by Manfred
Kanther, Interior Minister, as:
"an anti-democratic group "which disdains human rights and
stirs up xenophobia and racism.""<6>
Similarly, in Hamburg, homes of members of the Nationale Liste
were raided.
On April 20th scores of neo-Nazis were arrested around
Germany for rioting to mark Hitler's birthday. In the same
week
Guenter Deckert, the leader of the NPD, was sentenced to
two years' imprisonment by a court in Karlsruhe for Holocaust
denial and incitement to racial hatred.
On March 23rd, Hamburg police raided the homes of those
who had ordered and received neo-Nazi propaganda from the
NSDAP-AO. Almost simultaneously
Gerhard (Gary) Lauck was
arrested by Danish police in Copenhagen. After much legal
wrangling, the Danish Supreme Court confirmed on Friday 21st
June that Lauck should be extradited to Germany to face
prosecution under German anti-Nazi law.
3.0 The popularity of right-wing extremism The main cause for the rising popularity of the
right-wing extremist parties in the mid to late 1980s could,
as Betz suggests, be almost completely due to the Parteien-
und Politikverdrossenheit (party and political apathy), which
swept the country. This can be seen in the fact that at the
first elections after reunification, those in 1990, ten
million of those registered to vote stayed at home. In March
1989, 81% of all Germans and 90% of Republikaner voters
questioned in an EMNID poll believed that the politicians from
the mainstream parties were "out-of-touch" with the average
person. Similarly, 65% of all voters and 88% of Republikaner
voters considered the mainstream political parties to be no
longer capable of solving Germany's problems. In the same
poll, it was discovered that 43% of Republikaner voters had
confidence in the party with regard to housing; 40% with
regard to unemployment; 18% over the general state of the
economy and 80% over immigration. In 1993 48% of Germans were
"very worried" that politicians were no longer capable of
solving the urgent problems facing Germany, such as
immigration and the economy.<7>
Similarly, in the states of the former East Germany
citizens were, after unification, faced with increasing rents
coupled with increasing unemployment. This, in turn, led to an
increase in crime, which was subsequently blamed on the
foreign population, instead of the new policy-makers: the west
German government in Bonn.
If the politicians cannot solve these problems, then who
can? For as Betz states:
"On this view radical right-wing voters are typical floating
voters who don't understand "the intricacies of politics in
postindustrial societies" and therefore fall prey to clever
demagogues who dress up empty slogans as viable solutions to
real problems."<8>
Therefore it can be concluded that a fair proportion of these
"floating voters" will be first-time voters. Indeed, the
majority of right-wing voters are around 20 years old.
Certainly the majority of right-wing extremists are aged
between 18 and 30 and are suspected of being responsible for
over 75% of extremist violence in 1993. Given this figure, it
is not surprising that the largest group among the extremists
(33.6%) is that of students and trainees. What is surprising,
however, is that the next highest figure is that of the
skilled workers and craftsmen, accounting for 28.7% of
extremist violence. Evidently, radical right-wing views appear
to be something inherent in the younger, educated classes.
But why should extreme right-wing views manifest
themselves as violence against foreigners? The obvious
explanation is racial purity: just as Hitler extolled the
Aryan race, modern right-wing extremists see their own racial
identity as being superior and something which they want to
preserve at all costs. Perhaps one cause of this is an
apparent unwillingness of foreigners to integrate into German
society. In 1988 the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung conducted a
survey amongst young Turks. It found that 65% of males between
20 and 30 years old socialised with Germans, whilst only 26%
of their fathers did. Similarly, Petra Kappert, writing in the
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (25:9:1982), stated that an
estimated 50% of Turkish schoolchildren in Germany attend
Koran classes: a further example of an unwillingness to
integrate into German society and determination to preserve
their own culture when abroad.<9> Therefore, the supporters
of the radical right may regard foreigners as a threat to
their own culture and society.
A resurgence of right-wing views could, perhaps, be
considered to be an obvious reaction by citizens of a country
which lost its own culture and national identity when it lost
the Second World War. The occupation of Germany by the allied
powers after 1945 led to an influx of English-language
literature and film, the latter still being very much in
evidence in German cinemas. This loss of national identity can
also be seen as a result of the de-nazification process:
anyone listening to the anti-Semitic composer Wagner would
have been suspected of being a Nazi, as would anyone
expressing any form of national pride.
4.0 The Parties
4.1 Die Republikaner As has already been stated, Die Republikaner was formed
on the 27th November 1983 by Franz Schoenhuber, as a party
politically located between the DVU and the NPD, principally
right of centre. However, the major problem facing the
German Government is whether Die Republikaner is really, as it
states, a coalition of democratic patriots<10>, or whether it
is just another right-wing extremist party. On the front of
their manifesto for the 1994 council elections in Mainz, the
party stated:
"We reject extremism and violence in any form!"<11>
However, the party's rhetoric inside the manifesto smacks
heavily of right-wing propaganda:
"WE are against the municipal building of accommodation for
asylum-seekers, the use of taxes for fraudulent asylum-seekers
(about 97%) and the preferential treatment of foreigners in
the allocation of state-subsidized accommodation."<12>
Similarly:
"DIE REPUBLIKANER wants: [...]
- no foreigners in the police. [...]
- the immediate deportation of convicted foreign offenders,
crime among foreigners is three times higher than among German
citizens."<13>
Whilst these figures are actual statistics, it is clear that
the party is using them to its advantage, if not exploiting
them. The social policy of the manifesto was designed to
withdraw public finance from foreigners' institutions and even
the "anti-fascist / anti-racist" groups, which the party
considers to be a cover for left-wing extremists. Such
suspicions of the Office for the Protection of the
Constitution cannot be helped by statements of the party
leadership, for example in 1993, Schoenhuber, talking about a
wartime propagandist, stated:
"... a Nazi propagandist such as Dr. Kurt Kiesinger could
become the German Chancellor."<14>
It seems, as the British left-wing magazine The New
Statesman & Society claimed in an article entitled "The
hydra-headed monster of Germany", that:
"So far, no member of the right-wing Republican party has been
caught red-handed at violence, and its leaders have been
careful to dissociate the part from the extremists methods, if
not their aims."<15>
Die Republikaner does not outwardly appear to be courting the
votes of the extremists and radicals in Germany. Indeed, it
even goes so far as to exclude former members of the NPD or
DVU from its ranks, but it does seem to be exploiting the
political apathy which has swept over the country in recent
years. For as Betz states:
"Appealing to wide-spread xenophobia, growing anti-big
business and antiglobal market sentiments, and exploiting
growing uncertainty and fears with regard to the future it
conformed to the image of a populist advocate of the interests
of the small people."<16>
Membership of the party grew from 8,500 in 1988 to 25,000
in 1989, but then declined to 15,000 in 1990. The party's
increase in popularity after 1989 could be seen to be a
result of its relative success in the 1989 European elections,
which:
"provided the party with almost #6 million in state election
subsidies, enabling it to expand its organisation
considerably."<17>
Since 1992, the party has been under observation by the
Office for the Protection of the Constitution and in eight
states the German intelligence services have been called in to
investigate it. On Friday March 3rd 1995, Saxony joined the
list of states which list Die Republikaner as right-wing
extremist and hence anti-constitutional. The Interior Minister
of Saxony, Heinz Eggert, said of this:
"One thing is quite clear: the declarations of the
Republikaner in its manifesto are appear entirely formal. But
the wealth of material has shown that the Republikaner
systematically defames the free democratic order, defames its
institutions, continually contravening the discrimination laws
in the areas of race, belief or nationality and shows very
little distance from National Socialism.
Now die Republikaner is classified as anti-constitutional
and that means that it will be investigated by the secret
service."<18>
On presenting the 1993 report of the Office for the
Protection of the Constitution on April 14th 1994, Manfred
Kanther, the Interior Minister, said that the Government had
no immediate intention of banning the party:
"... in spite of clear signs that it has links with neo-Nazi
activists. [...] The reasoning is that a ban would make
martyrs of the party leaders and drive the 23,000 active
members underground."<19>
4.2 Die Deutsche Volksunion The Deutsche Volksunion e.V. was founded in January 1971,
by the Munich publisher
Dr. Gerhard Frey. The DVU-Liste D was formed as a new party on
March 5th 1987, and took over the entire membership of the
DVU, although the Liste D was removed in 1991. The membership
in 1993 was estimated by the report of the Office for the
Protection of the Constitution to be about 26,000, the same
figure quoted in 1992, although Dr. Frey insists that
the membership is greater.
Dr. Frey publishes two party newspapers: the Deutsche
National-Zeitung, which sells for DM1,80, and the Deutsche
Wochen-Zeitung/Deutscher Anzeiger, priced at DM2,- , which
together had a weekly circulation of 110,000 in 1989. Backes
and Jesse compare this figure to the 1986 circulation of the
Rheinische Merkur/Christ und Welt, which was 122,000 copies
per week.<20>
The DVU appears to be in a relatively strong financial
position and managed to spend over #7 million21 in the Bremen
regional elections in 1987, mainly:
"Through the sale of its nationalist media products, a book
service and the trading of Nazi memorabilia (medals, coins,
etc.)"<22>
At a rally in Passau on 2nd October 1993, an auditor declared
that the last elections had cost the party DM11,000,000, paid
for by Dr. Frey.<23>
4.3 The Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands The NPD was created by members of the Deutsche
Reichspartei (DRP) on 28th November 1964, under the leadership
of Fritz Thielen and Adolf von Thadden. In 1975 the party
launched its newspaper the Deutsche Stimme. The overall aims
of the party can be best summed up by the NPD regional leader
for Lower Saxony, Horst Nolte:
"The system cannot be "improved", it must be superseded! The
destruction of the system can only come from forces which
develop as its enemies."<24>
The party clearly sets itself Nazi-style aims, with an
ideology similar to that of the DVU, and at the party
conference in June 1991,
Guenter Deckert, a dedicated
Revisionist, was elected party chairman, to replace Martin
Mussgnug, who left the party in 1990.
According to the 1993 report of the Office for the
Protection of the Constitution, the party owes the state of
Baden-Wuerttemberg DM438,000 and the Government DM760,000,
exactly the same figures quoted in the 1992 report. The party
is required to repay a proportion of the advances made by the
Government and the state of Baden-Wuerttemberg for election
campaigns, according to paragraph 18 of the Party Law, because
of poor results in the 1990 Federal Parliament elections and
the 1992 regional election respectively.<25>
In 1992 the party was thought to have about 5,000
members, compared with 6,100 in 1991, although the 1993 figure
remains the same as that of 1992. The party would possibly be
looking to increase its membership dramatically in the next
few years, in order either to be in a position to meet its
debts to the authorities, or at least to have a greater
membership base with which to fight the next elections.
The original plaintext version of this file is available via
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Right-wing Extremism in the Federal Republic Of Germany 1973-1995
Reginald M. Rushton
June 1995