The Trial of Adolf Eichmann
A. Yes.
Q. What was the function of this officer?
A. He spoke to me and asked how our life was there. He was
also accompanied by a man in civilian clothes. And when he
finished talking to me, the man dressed in mufti spoke to
me, saying that his name was Kastner, that I did not know
him, possibly I knew other people, he mentioned to me the
names of two people whom I actually knew, one was Nathan
Schwalb, who was in Switzerland, and Dr. Abeles, who was
with us on the train, and he said: "I promise you that you
are going to be sent to a good place."
Q. And who was the second man?
A. He was Kastner.
Q. One was Kastner, and the second one?
A. A senior SS officer, SS Standartenfuehrer.
Q. You don't remember his name?
A. I can imagine who he was, but I did not know at the time.
Q. But at that time two trainloads were sent onwards to
Germany, to the East?
A. Yes. Because of breakdowns on the lines we were unable
to travel directly. We went, then, via North Germany. For
a whole day we travelled about 40 kilometres, not more.
Sometimes there was no coal, sometimes there were bomb
attacks and so on, and then we could not make so much
progress. And finally, I remember, we even turned back -
evidently there was a battle going on, we heard cannon fire,
and the following morning we travelled back. In this way we
moved around until we were liberated at Truwitz.
Q. That is to say - you arrived at a place other than the
one the train was supposed to reach?
A. Certainly, since it was a little village where no one
knew about our coming. It was a very remote village.
Q. What were the functions of that youth who you said was
interrogated and committed suicide in gaol?
A. He was a leader in the Hehalutz youth movement, he was an
instructor there, he taught, he performed all the duties of
a leader. But he also carried out cultural activity - he
issued brochures. Apart from that he began to occupy
himself, in the underground movement, with forged papers and
the transfer of people - first of all the concealment of
people with non-Jews, and afterwards with smuggling them out
to France. Some of them worked in the "Organization Todt";
this was the largest individual enterprise in the whole of
Western Europe, and they were accepted, because many of
them, who were members of Hechalutz, had come before from
Germany and spoke a good, correct German, and hence they
were able to find a place for themselves there.
State Attorney Bach: I believe that it may be possible to
identify the incident in connection with the question of His
Honour, Judge Halevi. [To the witness] That
Standartenfuehrer who was with Dr. Kastner - what was the
colour of his hair?
Witness Melkman: I don't remember.
State Attorney Bach: We have other evidence of this visit,
which we shall reach at a later stage.
Presiding Judge: Thank you, Dr. Melkman, you have completed
your evidence.
Mr. Bach, I shall now, for the time being, hand back to you
this collection of Belgian documents.
State Attorney Bach: Thank you, Your Honour. Perhaps we
shall photocopy separately the document that I wanted to
submit, and then it can be put into the file.
Presiding Judge: The Court gives its decision No. 18
Decision No. 18
Mr. Bach applies to submit an affidavit of a Belgian citizen
on the general background of the persecution of the Jews of
Belgium. The contents of the statement do not refer, as we
have been told, to the personal liability of the Accused.
Dr. Servatius does not oppose the submission of the
declaration, and from this position of his it appears that
it is not his intention to cross-examine the witness.
Accordingly, we allow the submission of the affidavit as
evidence, by virtue of our authority under section 15 of the
Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law, 5710-1950.
State Attorney Bach: This was our document No. 1257.
Presiding Judge: T/524.
State Attorney Bach: We have here, Your Honour, many
passages which we shall prove in more detail through other
witnesses, and hence I would not want to refer to them.
Perhaps the Court will permit me merely to read extracts
from this affidavit.
Presiding Judge: Within reason, I assume?
State Attorney Bach: Yes.
"At the time of the declaration of war, we - my elder
brother and I - were studying in high school. On 10
May 1940 we left for France, like most Belgians, but we
had to return to Belgium, since we were surrounded in
northern France by the advancing German army. In the
years 1941-1942, the persecutions commenced in the
sense that Jewish commercial houses were closed on the
orders of the German authorities. My parents were
compelled to close their clothing business..."
State Attorney Bach: No. I thought of reading this
paragraph only. When he talks, later on, of the situation,
I intended to leave that out and merely to mention what is
referred to in those papers. But I only want to state who
the man was, who his family were.
Presiding Judge: Very well.
State Attorney Bach: "...As we were Jewish, we were
forbidden to visit certain institutions, to be found in the
street after a certain hour in the evening...our liberty was
very restricted. The summonses to the assembly camp of
Malines began in June-July 1942." Then he describes what
happened to his father and his brothers, how his mother died
as a result of all the excitement, and afterwards he
describes how he was arrested by men of the SS, with blows
and threats, how he was brought to the Gestapo camp,
together with others.
"I myself was deported in the ninth transport in the
middle of September. Very early one morning, we were
taken to cattle waggons that were close to the camp
exit, and we were loaded on them, one on top of the
other, with the few effects with which we were still
left. This departure gave rise to heart-rending
scenes, for we knew, more or less, what awaited us. In
the course of the journey, they gave us practically
nothing to eat or drink. In order to sleep, we had to
find a corner where we could sit down and recover, so
that in particular the women and children could get
some rest."
"But afterwards he was sent to another place called
Koenigshuette. He describes the place, the terrible
conditions, the illnesses, the pneumonia and the
furuncles, which he contracted from the absence of
hygienic conditions. Later on, in 1943, that same
"trader in Jews" came again and announced that he
needed volunteers who would have to perform labour
which was not too heavy, that he required 500
volunteers, and many volunteered. Subsequently it
emerged that those were sent to do work in an arms
factory, where they worked in rooms where sulphur
products were being prepared. The Jews were forbidden
to wear protective masks which the other prisoners
used. They were soon poisoned by the sulphur, and
almost all 500 died within a short time. "These
details were given to me by one of the few survivors of
this group whom I saw afterwards in the camp at
Blechhammer. He no longer had any fingernails, he had
lost his eyelashes and his eyebrows, the skin of his
whole body was completely yellow, and he was truly in a
corpselike state. Incidentally, he died after some time
in Blechhammer."
Later on came a plague of typhus which claimed many victims.
Sometimes they received a little food.
The following morning, SS men brought them out, again with
blows. Some of them were afraid to go out, but they were
removed by force.
"Eventually, we were piled into railway waggons, where
we were kept for eight hours, and from time to time we
received a slice of dry bread from the SS men. After
an eight-hour journey under these conditions, we
reached Buchenwald. There they conveyed us to a small
camp which contained many Jews who had arrived in
recent days from camps in the East. They crowded us
into the huts. We slept on wooden bunks of three or
four tiers."
"I myself was rescued from this new extermination when
I pretended to be dead. I weighed only 33 kilograms.
I was dragged to a pile where bodies were stacked up,
and I remained there for several hours."
"The details I have recounted are only the more salient
facts of the persecution which I underwent. The
gravity of the acts of torture lies perhaps still more
in details which cannot be described. I would need
three years in order to describe the three years of my
deportation."
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Session 34
(Part 6 of 8)
Q. And then you said there came a very senior officer of the SS?
"My name is Felix Gutmacher, I was born in Brussels on
31 January 1926, and I am a Belgian citizen. I serve
as a lawyer at the Appeals Court of Brussels. My
parents were natives of Poland and immigrated to
Belgium in 1923. They were traders. I had two
brothers.
Presiding Judge: Does "within reason" mean the whole
affidavit?
"Here they undressed us completely, first of all, in
order to search us. At that time I witnessed very
cruel scenes on the part of the Nazi guards.
Particularly shameful was their behaviour towards the
young women who were there in our midst, naked, because
of their being examined and because of the degrading
posture in which we were forced to stand." Thereafter
he recounts that they did not receive any news from the
family all the time he was under arrest, how the
Germans regularly arranged transports of one thousand
Jews each.
After that he describes how they reached a particular place
where all the men from 16 to 45 were required to alight from
the train. Those who were unwilling to do so were removed
by force. Only afterwards did it become known that all the
others - those who were not taken off the train - were
brought to Auschwitz and exterminated. He himself, together
with those who were fit for work, was transferred to the
Sakrau camp. And here, one day, a German came to the camp
whom they called "Judenhaendler" (the trader in Jews).
"He proceeded to classify the prisoners in order to
arrange transports destined for the concentration
camps. He questioned each one about his profession and
tested them carefully, in order to find out what was
their physical stamina. One could plainly observe that
he actually took pleasure in being able to select
prisoners who were to be sent to an extermination camp,
those prisoners who said that they were members of the
intellectual professions or introduced themselves as
industrialists. I announced that I was an agricultural
worker, and thanks to this statement of mine I was able
to remain, for the time being, in the transit camp."
After this, the witness describes what happened in that camp
at Blechhammer. Again the tortures and the living
conditions.
"Often we were called together in this way in order to
be present at hangings of comrades who had been accused
of various 'crimes,' such as corresponding with their
families through the non-Jews in the factory, or
because they accused them of acts of sabotage, or
because they found a piece of barbed wire on their
person which they wanted to save for themselves, in
order to bind their shoes together, and which, the
Germans contended, came from telephone wires that had
been cut."
Subsequently, in the summer of 1944, a plague of dysentery
broke out, and he, too, was stricken with this illness, and
all those who became ill were sent to Auschwitz for
extermination. He himself was saved by the fact that he
took the advice of his doctor and stopped eating altogether.
"In the end, in January 1945, after the Russian attack,
we were forced to leave the camp." Here he describes
the well-known "death march," "when, with our torn
clothing and wearing shoes with wooden soles, we had to
march for several days and nights in the snow and in
the cold wind, without food all the way. Soon some of
the prisoners could not keep up with the others, and
they were obliged to lie down along the way. SS men
travelled by car behind the long and sorry column of
prisoners and killed all those who fell down with shots
from their rifles or revolvers."
He describes the days and the nights of that march which
ultimately reached a huge barn where they had to crowd in,
one on top of the other. And when the Germans wanted to
take them out of the place where they had spent the night
under indescribable conditions, without air, and in
particular without room to stretch their limbs or even to
sit down -
"since we had no strength left because of our great
weariness, they shot at us with their revolvers and
killed and wounded many of our comrades in order to
frighten us and to urge us to get out more quickly.
When we were outside, we realized that the interior of
the barn was strewn with dead bodies and with prisoners
who had become stiff from weariness and who were
immediately killed."
Thereafter he describes the agonies of the march in the snow
and the cold. They did not receive food, they were thirsty
and swallowed some snow in order to assuage their thirst.
"The salts within the snow acted on our exhausted
bodies and caused a swelling of the body, especially in
the legs - something which added to the numbers of
victims who were killed along the way."
"I myself," he says, "was completed enfeebled. I walked
barefoot for I could no longer endure the shoes with the
wooden soles - which interfered with our progress."
"At the end of a fortnight we arrived at the camp at
Gross-Rosen." And next he describes the deep mud
through which they had to wade and in which they sank
up to their knees. "Thus people fell in a heap, many
of whom were left stretched out in the mud into which
they had sunk. They were trampled upon by those coming
after them and perished in this way."
They then came to some huts, were forced with blows from
rifle butts, to enter these huts, which were completely
bare, and they found themselves lying down with a number of
prisoners who had still remained alive.
"These scenes of slaughter were repeated during the
three or four days we remained in this hell; I remember
particularly having to remain for several hours on end
on the roll call parade ground, with bare feet in the
mud and snow. Once such a roll call even lasted for ten
hours on end.
And there they regarded him as a "Muselmann," that is to
say, unfit for work, and he was sent to the hut of those who
were destined for extermination.
"Afterwards I learned that there was no more fuel for
the incinerator. This saved us at that time. With the
approach of the American army at the end of March 1945,
the Germans gathered the Jews of the Buchenwald camp
and loaded them on to waggons. We learned that most of
them were put to death in the nearby forests. Others
were sent to labour camps on the Czech border."
Subsequently, when the roll call was over, he dragged
himself into a nearby hut. There he met a fellow prisoner -
a non-Jew - and told him what had happened to him. "This
friend hid me under the board which he used for sleeping and
he shared with me the 200 grams of bread and the litre of
soup that he received daily." He stayed there for more than
a week, until the Americans liberated him. And he adds:
"Afterwards I was informed that out of the 5,000
prisoners of Blechhammer only 750 reached Buchenwald
alive - most of whom, incidentally, died a short while
thereafter. Out of the 1,000 prisoners who were
deported from Malines and who were in the same
transport as I was, nine survived. Tuberculosis had
made its mark on almost all of them, and they had to be
treated for years in sanatoria. I myself remained for
four years in a sanatorium, for both my lungs were
affected. I should add that after my deportation both
my father and my elder brother were arrested by the
Gestapo and deported. My father died there, and my
brother returned miraculously. But he, too, bore the
cruel signs of torture and deprivation."
I now intend, Your Honours, to support by means of documents
what we have heard today from the witness Dr. Melkman, and
at the same time to prove by means of documents the direct
link between the Accused and each one of the stages of the
process of the extermination of the Jews of Holland to which
we have been listening.