The Skinhead International: Brazil
A major theme of Brazilian Skins is hatred of Nordestinos
(Northeasterners), people from the impoverished Northeastern states
who have migrated in increasing numbers to the large cities in
search of a better life. The issue parallels immigration problems in
Europe and the United States, stimulating the same popular fears of
job loss and insecurity. Brazil's racist Skinheads, like their
counterparts elsewhere, thrive on such fears.
The largest concentration of Brazilian neo-Nazi Skinheads is in Sao
Paulo, an industrial city of more than 10 million people. An
estimated 1,000 Skins roam the city's streets behaving in the usual
menacing Skinhead manner. Three separate groups operate in the city:
1. Carecas do Suburbio (Skinheads of the suburbs), a gang
noted for its ultra-nationalism and gay-bashing, which hangs around
bars in the eastern part of the city.
2. Carecas do ABC (ABC Skinheads), named for the initials of
three industrial suburbs. They subscribe to the fascist doctrines of
Plinio Salgado, the 1930's leader of the "Integralists." The ABC
Skins are extremely violent and hostile towards Jews, homosexuals
and Northeasterners.
3. White Power Skinheads, an avowedly Nazi gang that is the
most violent of all. They hate Jews, blacks, homosexuals and
Northeasterners, and advocate the secession of the more prosperous
southern Brazil from the rest of the country.
Elsewhere in Brazil, there are fewer Skinheads than in Sao Paulo,
but they still present serious problems. In Rio de Janeiro, a
neo-Nazi gang named Carecas do Brasil (Skinheads of Brazil) operates
in the Bangu neighborhood. Other gangs are active in the city of
Pelotas, in the sourther state of Rio Grande do Sul; in Curitiba,
the capital of the state of Parana; and in the cities of the
Florianopolis and Blumenau in the state of Santa Catarina.
Crimes of violence are intrinsic to the lifestyle of Brazil's
Skinheads. Most such crimes are not reported, for the same reasons
that crime generally is under-reported in Brazil. The criminal
episodes listed below are but a portion of the whole.
In September 1992, two Jewish students from Beith Chabad were set
upon and brually beaten by 12 Skinheads. The assault took place in
Santo Andre, a suburb of Sao Paulo.
During the same month, Sao Paulo Skinheads, shouting "Death to the
Northeasterners," painted a red swastika on the wall of a cultural
center for Northeastern migrants.
In November 1992, a black man sleeping on a bench in downtown Sao
Paulo was seized and severely beaten by Skinheads shouting racist
ephithets.
Sao Paulo's Radio Actual has had racist slogans painted on its
walls. The station programs for Northeaster migrants.
Two Jewish cemetaries were desecrated in Porto Alegre, and the walls
of the Jewish Society of Pelotas were covered with anti-Semitic
slogans. Skinheads are believed to have been responsible.
In January 1993, 50 Skinheads scrambled aboard a Sao Paulo bus and
assaulted its passengers. The week before, 40 Skinheads were
arrested following a riot in Epinotec, a discotheque in downtown Sao
Paulo.
In March 1994, members of the Carecas do ABC Skinhead gang murdered
a 15-year-old black youngster, one of Sao Paulo's "street urchins."
The Brazilian federal government and the state of Sao Paulo have
officially condemned Skinhead offenses, and, in many cases, have
taken effective action against the gangs. In April 1994, the federal
police began operating a new department specializing in crimes
motivated by racism.
Brazil's Skinheads listen to the same songs, performed by the same
bands, as do Skinheads everywhere. Their fanzines, which list their
favorite bands, offer a roster of names familiar to Skinheads around
the world: the English bands No Remorse and Skrewdriver, France's
Legion 88, Sweden's Ultima Thule, and others.
Two local Skinhead bands have arisen in Brazil. The better-known
one, Locomotiva, is a Sao Paulo group. In a 1992 interview with a
local fanzine, the band's spokesman, "Ivan," said the group had been
influenced by the music of Skrewdriver, Brutal Attack and Peggior
Amico (an Italian group). He said the band had one record on the
market, "Sao Paulo Patria," produced by the French record company
Rebelles Europeens.
The other Brazilian band, GSB, was founded in 1990. Its initials
stand for Grupo Separatista Branco (White Separatist Group). Less
popular than Locomotiva, its views are openly Nazi.
Skinhead recordings are not readily available in music shops in
Brazil, but can be obtained by mail order. One such mail order
outfit operates out of a post office box in Santo Andre.
Two openly racist skinzines, Orgulho Paulista and Determinacao E Coragem, have made appearances in Brazil, with offerings of
interviews, ratings of bands, and announcements about the Skinhead
music scene. Both express admiration for such hate groups from the
United States as the Ku Klux Klan, the
Church of the Creator and
Gary Lauck's
NSDAP-AO. (Anti-Defamation League, 17-19)
Anti-Defamation League. The Skinhead International: A Worldwide
Survey of Neo-Nazi Skinheads. New York: Anti-Defamation League,
1995. Anti-Defamation League, 823 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY
10017.
Disclaimer: not all skinheads are neo-nazis or white
supremacists. There are many skinheads who are non- or anti-racist, and
who come from a variety of different religious and cultural backgrounds.
Nizkor recognizes their achievements in anti-racism: they are part of
the traditional, non-racist skinhead subculture and are not the
perpetrators of the hate crimes discussed here.
Unless otherwise specified, the word "skinhead" within these pages
refers only to neo-Nazi and white supremacist skinheads, the
perpetrators of hate crimes and participants in racist organizations.
We cannot edit the body of the text above, because it was not written by
Nizkor, and to change the wording would be fraudulent. Please keep in
mind that not all skinheads are racist.
The
original plaintext version
of this file is available via
ftp.
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