One Hundred and Sixty-Fifth Day:
Thursday, 27th June, 1946 [Page 245]
DR. FRITZ: Mr. President, gentlemen of the Tribunal, first a
very brief explanation. Yesterday I repeatedly mentioned the
Indictment and intend to do so in the course of the
examination. Thereby I mean the presentation of Fritzsche's
case by Captain Sprecher in the morning session of 23rd
January, 1946.
BY DR. FRITZ: Herr Fritzsche, yesterday you spoke of your
radio speeches concerning the Allied propaganda. My last
question is: Did you attempt to split the front of the
Allies by your propaganda?
[Hans Fritzsche] A. Of course, I attempted to do that. I elaborated on all
ideological and all practical contrasts or differences
between the individual allied nations. I considered that a
permissible method of waging war. At that time I wanted a
split between the Allies just as much as today I wish their
unity, since Germany would be the first victim of any
conflict.
Q. Now, you are accused of assisting in establishing Nazi
control throughout Germany. Did you agitate against
democracy?
A. I never agitated against democracy as such. I spoke
against the democracy of the thirty-six parties, the
democracy which had prevailed in Germany previously, the
democracy under which even strong groups, such as the two
Marxist parties, for example, were powerless. I criticized
foreign democracy on two points only: First, I criticized
those elements which limited the basic thought of
democracies - I believe it is superfluous, and perhaps it
would be misunderstood, to enumerate them today. Secondly, I
criticized the demands of the foreign democracies to force
their form of government on us. According to my knowledge
and information at that time, it seemed unjustified to me.
Q. Well, did you consider dictatorship a better form of
government?
A. I should like to emphasize that at that time, under the
existing conditions and only for a temporary emergency
period, I did; today, of course, I do not. After the
totalitarian form of government had brought about the
catastrophe of the murder of five million people, I consider
this form of government wrong even in times of emergency. I
believe any kind of democratic control, even of limited
democratic control, would have made such a catastrophe
impossible.
Q. You are accused, furthermore, of having spread the
doctrine of the master race. The prosecution makes this
charge indirectly against you. How about that?
A. I never set up or represented the theory of the master
race.
I even avoided this term. I expressly prohibited the use of
this term by the German Press and the German radio when I
was in charge of one or the other. I believe that the term
"master race" played a greater role in the anti-National
Socialist propaganda than in Germany proper. I do not know
who invented this term. To my knowledge, it was publicly
mentioned only by men like Dr. Ley, for example, men - and I
must state this frankly and expressly - who were not taken
seriously by anyone in this connection. It is true, however,
that this term played a great role, without being expressed
openly, among the SS because of its racial exclusiveness,
but people of intelligence, tact, of insight, and with some
knowledge of the world, very carefully avoided its use.
[Page 246]
Q. But the prosecution has quoted a passage from one of your
radio speeches to prove their assertion on this point.
A. The quotation is correct, but I ask you to read it
carefully. The term "master race" is rejected in this
quotation for the Jewish and for the German people. The
quotation cannot be misunderstood.
DR. FRITZ: Mr. President, that is in Captain Sprecher's
speech for the prosecution, English text, Pages 31-32.
BY DR. FRITZ:
Q. But you carried on propaganda not only in Germany but
also abroad. What was the difference?
A. In my radio speeches there was no difference. Before the
outbreak of war I made a slight difference in the speeches
for Germany and those for other countries, simply because
the audience was different, and because I had to pre-suppose
a different level of knowledge. During the war my speeches
on the Reich-German radio were simply transmitted over the
short wave stations. What was said for Germany or for other
countries could be controlled by both sides. Moreover, in
the twelve years during which I spoke on the German radio, I
never permitted my speeches to be translated, since that
always involved a differentiation in emphasis. Written
articles can be translated, perhaps official speeches also,
but not rather light and half-improvised chats.
Q. Were your broadcasts abroad criticized internationally?
A. Yes, very frequently. During the war there was often
daily criticism from some country or other. I had these
criticisms collected. I asked for them as documents but my
application was refused by the Court. As far as I know, I am
not accused of inciting war in these criticisms.
Q. Now, you not only acted as a mouthpiece for propaganda
but also as an organiser of it. You are accused of having
helped to create an important instrument for the alleged
conspiracy. The prosecution says that for thirteen years you
aided in the creation of the propaganda machine which the
conspiracy was able to put to such good use. Did you create
the Press organization of the National Socialist State?
A. No, I did not create this organization nor did I have any
part in its creation. It was created by Dr. Goebbels, Dr.
Dietrich and Reichsleiter Amann. When, in the winter of
1938, I became head of the so-called German Press Section, I
attempted to loosen the bonds which had been imposed on the
German Press both in the material and personal field. For example, I called
back to their work with the Press hundreds of editors of
other parties who had been dismissed in 1933 and 1934. Today
they will be angry with me. I had good intentions at the
time.
In addition to the official Press conferences which were
very strictly controlled, also as far as their records were
concerned, by my superiors, I arranged the so-called
supplementary conferences (Nachkonferenzen) in which I met
the representatives of the fifty or sixty most important
papers, and discussed more freely the possibilities of their
work. I coined the slogan which was often used there:
[Page 247]
Of course, I must add that the possibility of criticism was
not unlimited.
DR. FRITZ: Mr. President, on this occasion, with the
approval of the prosecution, I offer the Tribunal a document
as Fritzsche Exhibit 4. It is an excerpt from a letter of
the German Lieutenant-General Dittmar, who frequently
commented on the military situation on the German radio
during the war and who is in British captivity. The well-
known English radio commentator, Mr. Liddell-Hart, has sent
an excerpt from the letter to the British prosecution. I
should like to quote briefly this memorandum which was sent
to me. May I quote this passage?
THE PRESIDENT: Yes, you may.
DR. FRITZ: Dittmar writes:
With such ironical remarks, Fritzsche always had the
approval of his listeners, but there was some danger for
him, for Goebbels daily read the records of these Press
conferences."
Q. Herr Fritzsche, following the statement of Lieutenant-
General Dittmar, one question: Did you feel yourself to be
an enemy of the system, or how does General Dittmar come to
make this statement?
A. I was not an enemy of the system. It would be ridiculous
and unworthy to try to assert that today. But I was
definitely an opponent of any misuse of the system which I
could recognize. What I noticed the most, because it was in
my. field of work, was whitewashing of news during the war.
The aim of all my news policy was realism, and apparently
that is what General Dittmar means in the part of his
statement which has been read here.
I met General Dittmar in December, 1942, or January, 1943,
at the moment when the Sixth German Army at Stalingrad was
surrounded, but when this fact was still being kept secret
from the German people. Together with General Dittmar, in
face of the prohibition, I publicly announced the fact that
the Sixth Army was surrounded at Stalingrad. This caused a
great sensation at the time. In the following months and
year, I always defended General Dittmar and his realistic
presentation of the military situation against all attacks,
not only against the attacks of the Party, but also against
the attacks of the Foreign Office, which repeatedly pointed
out that these objective presentations of Dittmar had a bad
effect on Germany's allies.
[Page 248]
Another especially striking example was this. Another member
of the SS, Hernau, wrote, at the moment when the invasion
had succeeded, an article in which he presented the
situation as if the evacuation of France had been a very
secret trick of the German Command, which was creating the
possibility for a very strong counter-blow. I prohibited
this article in my field, and I repeatedly had to oppose the
irresponsible rumours which were spread in secret about
mysterious weapons. I did so publicly, and I plainly stated
my point of view on the radio against this propaganda.
On the other hand I may point out that at every moment of
the war my superiors always made well-founded promises to
me, first, of some military offensive which was just being
prepared; for instance, a thrust from East Prussia toward
the south, a thrust from Upper Silesia to the Vistula, a
thrust from Alsace toward the north, and so forth. Together
with these promises which were worked out in detail were the
political promises which were mentioned briefly yesterday,
that is the descriptions given by Dr. Goebbels that foreign
political negotiations were in progress with the enemy on
one or the other side.
Q. Another question: Who was in charge of Press policy?
A. Reich Press Chief Dr. Dietrich. He gave very specialized
instructions, mostly in a precise wording, the so-called
"Daily Paroles" of the Reich Press Chief.
Generally he even gave the wording of the commentaries which
were to be added in the Press conference.
For the most part, Dr. Dietrich was at the Fuehrer's
headquarters and received his instructions directly from
Hitler. Dr. Dietrich's representatives were Sundermann and
Lorenz. The second factor decisive for German Press policy
was Reichsleiter Amann, who was at the head of the
organization of publishers. The third factor was Dr.
Goebbels as Reich Propaganda Minister. Dietrich and Amann
were nominally subordinate to him; actually, both had the
same authority as he had, and I always had to adjust
differences in order to obtain co-ordination between these
three authorities.
Q. Did you create the organization of the journalistic news
service?
A. Yes, I did create this organization. In principle, it
originated with me. I may refer to my affidavit, Document
3469-PS (17). I was in charge of the journalistic news
service from about 1934 to 1938. I was proud of the fact
that, at the beginning of the war, even the enemy recognized
the good functioning of this news machine. However, at that
time I was no longer the head of the so-called "news
service" department. As an expert I created this
organization in peace time without thinking of the
possibility of using it during war. The conclusion of the
prosecution that I also determined the contents of the news
service is not correct.
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(Part 1 of 5)
"In this connection it can be explained that Fritzsche
always opposed the term 'master race.' He even expressly
prohibited the use of this word on the radio."
BY DR. FRITZ:
"You may write any criticism you like in the German
papers provided such criticism is not shown in big
headlines but is buried somewhere in the text in an
elegant form."
"The possibility of retaining the critical attitude in my
radio commentary was due primarily to the silent approval
and the protection accorded to me by Hans Fritzsche, the
head of the political radio. I believe that Fritzsche was
a secret opponent of the regime and that he was glad of
the opportunity to have found a commentator who
discreetly expressed ideas which resembled his own and
which insidiously would tend to reduce confidence in the
regime.''
Following this quotation, there is another quotation from
the affidavit of Dr. Scharping, which I have already
submitted as Fritzsche Exhibit 2. It is on Page 11 of this
affidavit. It runs:
"The radio people and the journalists knew Fritzsche's
tolerance quite well. It repeatedly happened that, for
example, Fritzsche at his conferences had a copy of the
Volkischer Beobachter in his hand and commented
ironically on an anti-Jewish article. I recall that once
he expressed his criticism in roughly the following
words: 'A Berlin paper' - then he held the Volkischer
Beobachter up so that everyone could see it - 'has once
more, in an editorial, committed more than two errors.
Perhaps the publisher may yet succeed in getting the
right idea.'
BY DR. FRITZ: