The Nizkor Project: Remembering the Holocaust (Shoah)

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Last-Modified: 1999/11/20

THE PRESIDENT: Yes, certainly.

Jacob Grigoriev takes the stand.

THE PRESIDENT: What is your name?

A. Jacob Grigoriev.

Q. Will you take this oath?

I, Jacob Grigoriev, citizen of the Union of the Soviet
Socialist Republics, summoned as witness in this trial, do
promise and swear, in the presence of the Court, to tell the
Court nothing but the truth about everything I know in
regard to this case.

(The witness repeated the oath.)

THE PRESIDENT: You may sit down.

BY COLONEL SMIRNOV:-

Q. Please tell us, witness, in which village you lived
before the war?

A. In the village of Kusnezovo, Porkhov Region, district of
Pskov.

Q. In which village were you overtaken by the outbreak of
war ?

A. In the village of Kusnezovo.

Q. Does this village exist to-day?

A. It does not.

Q. Please tell the Tribunal what happened.

A. On the memorable day of 28 October, 1943, German soldiers
suddenly raided our village and started murdering the
peaceful citizens, shooting them, chasing them into the
houses. On that day I was working by the stream with my

                                                  [Page 310]

two sons, Alexei and Nikolai. Suddenly a German soldier came
up to us and ordered us to follow him.

THE PRESIDENT: You said you were working with your two sons
in the field.

THE WITNESS: Yes. My own two sons.

COLONEL SMIRNOV: Continue.

A. We were led through the village to the last house at the
outskirts. There were 19 of us, all told, in that house. So
there we sat in that house. I sat close to the window and
looked out of it. I saw my wife and my nine-year-old boy.
They were chased right up to the house and then led back
again - where I do not know.

A little later three German machine gunners came in,
accompanied by a fourth carrying a heavy revolver. We were
ordered into another room. We went, all 19 of us, and were
lined up against a wall, including my two sons, and they
began shooting us with their machine guns. I stood right up
to the wall, bending slightly. After the first volley I fell
to the floor, where I lay, too frightened to move. When I
came to, I looked round and saw my son Nikolai who had been
shot and had fallen, face downwards. Then, when some time
had passed, I began to wonder how I could escape. I
straightened my legs out from under the man who had fallen
on me and began to think out a way of escape. Instead of
that, instead of planning my escape, I lost my head and
called out, at the top of my voice: "Can I really go now?"
At that moment my small son, who had remained alive,
recognised me.

COLONEL SMIRNOV: That would be your second son?

A. The second. The first had been killed and was lying by my
side My little son called out, "Daddy, are you still alive?"

Q. He was wounded?

A. He was wounded in the leg. I calmed him down: "Do not
fear, my small son. I shall not leave you here. Somehow or
other, we shall get away from here. I shall carry you out."
A little later the house began to burn. Then I opened the
window and threw myself out of it, carrying my little boy
who had been wounded in the leg. So we began to creep out of
the house, hiding so that the Germans could not see us, but
on our way from the house we suddenly saw a high hedge. We
could not move the hedge apart so we began to break it up.
At that moment we were noticed by the German soldiers and
they began to shoot at us. Then I whispered to my little son
to hide while I would run away. I was unable to carry him,
and he ran a short distance and hid in the undergrowth,
while I ran off. I ran a short distance and then jumped into
a building near the burning house. There I sat for a while
and then decided to run further on. So I escaped into a
nearby forest, not far from our village, where I spent the
night. In the morning I met Alexeiev N. from the
neighbouring village, who said: "Your son Alexei is alive,
he managed to crawl to the next village." Then, on the
second day, I met Vitya Kuznetzov, a little boy from the
same village who had escaped from Leningrad and was living
in our village during the time of the occupation.

He told me what had happened in the second hut where my wife
and son had been taken. The German soldiers, having driven
the people into the hut, opened the door and began shooting
with their machine guns. According to Vitya's story, people
who were still half alive were burning, including my little
boy, Petya, who was only nine years old. When he ran out of
the hut he saw that Petya was still alive: he was sitting
under a bench having covered his ears with his little hands.

Q. How old was the oldest inhabitant of this village
destroyed by the Germans?

A. The oldest inhabitant was Ustinia Artemieva, who was 108
years old.

                                                  [Page 311]

Q. Tell me, witness, how old was the youngest victim
murdered by the Germans?

A. Four months.

Q. How many villagers were killed altogether?

A. 47.

Q. Why did the Germans exterminate the population of your
village?

A. The reason was not known.

Q. What did the Germans themselves say?

A. When the German soldier came to our threshing floor we
asked him "Why are you killing us? " He replied: "Do you
know the village of Maximovo ? (This is the village next to
our community village.) I said, "Yes." Then he told me This
village of Maximovo is ' Kaput' - the inhabitants are
'kaput,' and you, too, will be 'kaput'."

Q. And why " kaput"?

A. "Because," said he, "you harboured partisans in your
village." But his words were untruthful because we had no
partisans in the village and nobody took part in any
partisan  activities, since there was nobody left. Only old
people and small children were left in the village, the
village had never seen any partisans and did not know who
these partisans were.

Q. Were there many adult men in your village?

A. There was one man, 27 years old, but he was a sick man,
half-witted and paralysed. We only had old men and small
children. All the rest were in the Army.

Q. Please tell us, witness, were the inhabitants of your
village alone in suffering this fate?

A. No, they were not alone. The German soldiers shot 43
persons in Kuryshevo, 47 in Vshivovo, and in the village of
Pavlovo, where I now live, they burned 23 persons alive. In
a whole row of villages where, in our village community,
there were some 400 inhabitants, they shot all the peaceful
citizens, both young and old.

Q. Please repeat that figure: how many persons were
destroyed in your village community?

A. About 400 people in our village community alone.

Q. Please tell us, who remained alive of your family?

A. Of my family only I and one of my sons remained alive.
They shot my wife, in her sixth month of pregnancy, my son
Nikolai, aged sixteen years, my youngest boy, Petya, aged
nine years, and my sister-in-law - my brother's wife - with
her two infants, Sasha and Tonya.

COLONEL SMIRNOV: I have no further questions to ask this
witness, Mr. President.

THE PRESIDENT: Do any of the other prosecutors wish to ask
the witness any questions? Do any of the defendants' counsel
wish to ask the witness any questions? The witness may
retire.

COLONEL SMIRNOV: Mr. President, I pass on to the next count
of my statement, the "Discrimination against the Soviet
people".

Discrimination against the Soviet population was the usual
method of the Hitlerite criminals. It was carried out by the
criminals continuously and everywhere.

In this part of my statement I shall refer to the documents
of the German

                                                  [Page 312]

criminals themselves, which have only now been obtained and
placed at the disposal of the Soviet prosecution. They were
seized by the Extraordinary State Commission in the Prisoner-
of-War Camp at Lamsdorf.

I submit to the Tribunal as Exhibit USSR 415 a communication
of the Extraordinary State Commission on "The Crimes
committed by the German Government and the German High
Command against Soviet Prisoners of War in the Camp of
Lamsdorf". A number of original documents of the German
fascist criminals, discovered in the camp archives, are
attached to the report.

I shall be able to submit some of these reports to your
Honours. Their value consists in the fact that they prove
that even under the murderous regime established in one of
the largest and most cruel of the German concentration
camps, the criminals, true to the cannibalistic principles
of their "theories," shamelessly discriminated against the
Soviet nationals. I shall quote a few brief excerpts from
the report in question of the Extraordinary State
Commission. The passage, your Honours, to which I refer, you
will find on Page 123 of the document book, paragraph 4. It
sets forth the general characteristics of the camp:-

  "As a result of investigations made, the Extraordinary
  State Commission found that in Lamsdorf, in the district
  of the town of Oppeln, there existed, from 1941 to May,
  1945, a German stationary camp, No. 344.
  
  In 1940-1941 this camp contained Polish prisoners of war;
  from the end of 1941 Soviet, English and French prisoners
  of war began to come in."

I omit the next two sentences and continue the quotation:-

  "The prisoners of war were deprived of their outer
  clothing and boots. Even in winter they had to go
  barefoot. No fewer than 300,000 prisoners of war passed
  through the camp during the years of its existence,
  including 200,000 Soviet and 100,000 Polish, English,
  French, Belgian and Greek prisoners.
  
  The usual method for the extermination of Soviet
  prisoners in Lamsdorf camp was the sale of the captives
  to German undertakings for work in the various German
  firms where they were mercilessly exploited until, their
  strength completely lost, they died of exhaustion.
  
  In contrast to the numerous German labour exchanges,
  where Sauckel's representatives sold enslaved Soviet
  citizens singly to German housewives, a wholesale
  business in internees was organised in Lamsdorf camp
  where the captives were formed into working gangs. There
  were 1,011 such working gangs in the camp."

When presenting the subsequent documents, I should like to
ask the Tribunal to understand correctly the statements in
corroboration of which I am submitting evidence.

I do not in the least wish to say that the regime
established by the Germans for British, French or other
prisoners of war was at all distinguished for humanity or
kindness and that it was only the Soviet prisoners of war
who were exterminated by the camp administration by various
criminal methods.

Not at all. Lamsdorf Camp definitely pursued its object,
which was the extermination of prisoners of war, regardless
of their nationality or citizenship. Nevertheless, even in
this "Death Camp", where the conditions of prisoners of war
of all nationalities were most terrible, the German
fascists, committing Crimes Against Humanity and faithful to
the principles of their theories, created particularly
appalling conditions for the people of the Soviet.

I shall submit to the Tribunal, in a few brief excerpts, a
series of documents taken from the archives of this camp and
presented to the Tribunal in the original version. All these
documents point to the manifest discrimination against
Soviet

                                                  [Page 313]

prisoners of war carried out by the camp administration,
pursuant to orders of the Reich Government and of the High
Command.

I submit to the Tribunal as Exhibit USSR 421 a memoranda on
the "Utilisation of the Labour of Soviet Prisoners of War",
addressed by the Chief of the Prisoner of War Department for
the 8th Military District to the Administration of
Industrial Concerns to which the prisoners of war were sent.
I request the Tribunal to accept this document as evidence.
It is submitted in the original. I quote point 10 of this
memoranda, and your Honours will find the passage quoted in
the last paragraph of Page 150 of the document book:-

  "The following directives have been issued for the
  treatment of Russian prisoners of war.
  
  The Russian prisoners of war have passed through the
  school of Bolshevism, they must be looked upon as
  Bolsheviks and treated as Bolsheviks. According to Soviet
  instructions they must, even in captivity, resist
  actively the State which has captured them. Therefore, we
  must from the very beginning treat all Russian prisoners
  of war with merciless severity, if they give us the
  slightest pretext for so doing.
  
  Civilians attempting, by any means, to approach the
  Russian prisoners of war, to exchange ideas with them, to
  hand them money, food, etc., will be arrested,
  questioned, and handed over to the Police."

In addition, I quote the introduction to this memoranda.
Your Honours will find it on Page 149 of the document book,
paragraph 2.

  "The General Staff of the Armed Forces has issued an
  order regulating the utilisation of Soviet prisoner-of-
  war labour. According to this order the utilisation of
  Russian prisoners of war could be tolerated only if
  carried out under far harsher conditions than those
  applied to prisoners of war of other nationalities."

Thus the instructions for a specially cruel regime, to be
applied to Soviet prisoners of war merely because they were
Soviet prisoners, were not the result of any arbitrary
action on the part of the Lamsdorf Camp Administration. They
were dictated by the General Staff of the Armed Forces. In
drafting this memorandum, the Lamsdorf Camp Administration
was only carrying out direct orders from the Supreme
Command.

I quote two more rather characteristic points from the
memorandum. First, sub-paragraph 4, which your Honours will
find on Page 149 of the document book, last paragraph. It is
very brief:-

  "Requirements for the Russian billets - from the
  viewpoint of comfort - must be reduced to the lowest
  possible level."

I shall attempt to explain later on what this means.

The second characteristic point is found in sub-paragraph 7,
which your Honours will find on Page 170 of the document
book, paragraph 3. I quote as follows:-

  "The food rations for Russian prisoners of war at work
  will differ from the rations allocated to prisoners of
  other nationalities. More detailed information on this
  subject will be given later."

Such was the memorandum addressed to the industrialists to
whose concern the Russian prisoners of war were sent to work
as slaves.

I submit to the Tribunal Exhibit USSR 431, which is another
memorandum, addressed this time to the soldiers guarding the
Soviet prisoners of war. The document is submitted in the
original and I request the Tribunal to accept it as evidence
into the records. I ask the permission of the Tribunal to
quote a few brief excerpts from this document. The first
page of the text states that it is

                                                  [Page 314]


an appendix to a "Directive from the General Staff of the
Wehrmacht". Next follow number and document, which are not
so important.

I now read the introduction to this memorandum, which is on
Page 152 of the document book:-

  "For the first time in this war the German soldier is
  faced with an adversary who is educated both in a
  military and in a political sense, whose ideal is
  Communism and who sees in National Socialism his very
  worst enemy."

I omit the next paragraph and continue:-

  "Even in captivity, the Soviet soldier - however harmless
  he may appear outwardly - will seize every opportunity to
  show his hatred for all that is German. We must reckon
  with the fact that the prisoners will have received
  special instructions on their behaviour if captured and
  interned."


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