I am enclosing a number of abstracts referring to CO poisoning for your files: ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Title: Should coroners be able to recognize unintentional carbon monoxide-related deaths immediately at the death scene? Source: J Forensic Sci; VOL 40, ISS 4, 1995, P596-8 Title Abbreviation: J Forensic Sci Author: Risser D; Bjonsch A; Mesh Headings: Adolescence*; Adult*; Age Distribution*; Aged*; Aged, 80 and over*; Austria; Carbon Monoxide Poisoning*; Child*; Coroners and Medical Examiners*; Female; Human; Male; Middle Age*; Postmortem Changes*; Abstract: The aim of this retrospective survey of unintentional carbon monoxide-related deaths in Vienna was to determine whether the cherry-pink coloring of livor mortis is a reliable finding for the coroner to suspect a carbon monoxide-related death immediately at the death scene. In addition, we investigated the recognition pattern of unintentional carbon monoxide-related deaths by Viennese coroners between 1984 and 1993. Therefore, we analyzed autopsy reports of postmortems performed at the Viennese Institute of Forensic Medicine between 1984 and 1993. The study involved 182 unintentional carbon monoxide-related deaths: 92 females and 90 males. We found a strong association between the carboxyhemoglobin level and the cherry-pink coloring of livor mortis. In 98.4% of unintentional carbon monoxide-related deaths livor mortis were clearly cherry-pink. During the 10-year study period Viennese coroners recognized only 61% of unintentional carbon monoxide-related deaths immediately at the death scene. The percentage of unrecognized carbon monoxide fatalities with a clear cherry-pink coloring of livor mortis almost doubled from 1984 to 1993. The older the victim, the worse the coroners recognition. In summary, we have shown that coroners should be able to recognize unintentional carbon monoxide-related deaths immediately at the death-scene, because fresh corpses with carboxyhemoglobin levels greater than 31% show a clear cherry-pink coloring of livor mortis. Therefore, coroners should be encouraged to examine naked corpses thoroughly, especially regarding the color of livor mortis. Thus, a carbon monoxide-related death can be recognized immediately and the source of gas release identified as soon as possible protecting people who otherwise would also be at risk of poisoning.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE Entry Month: 9602 Secondary Source ID: TOXBIB/96/078551 Year: 95 Coden: I5Z Address: Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Vienna, Austria. ISSN: 0022-1198 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ Title: Carbon Monoxide. Chapter 3: Modeling the Uptake and Elimination of Carbon Monoxide. Source: Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 21, 1996 Author: Abstract: TD3: Carbon monoxide (CO) has received a considerable amount of attention because of its potentially lethal consequences in relatively small doses, coupled with the fact that human senses cannot detect CO. The dangers are exacerbated by the occurrence of symptoms that are so nonspecific as to be ignored or to cause delay in treatment. It is desirable, therefore, to have the capability of predicting CO uptake and elimination for preparedness in the event of an exposure, whether planned or accidental. One means of achieving this capability is through the development of mathematical models. Ideally, the model should take into account not only the level of CO exposure, but also the subject's physiological characteristics and level of activity. This chapter will explore the most successful model to date. This will be followed by guidelines for its use in certain applications. Entry Month: 9610 Secondary Source ID: NTIS/AD-A310 116/9 Year: 96 Address: Defence and Civil Inst. of Environmental Medicine, Downsview (Ontario). Keywords: Carbon monoxide, Mathematical models, Signs and symptoms, Dosage, Elimination, Reprints Keywords: Order Number: NTIS/AD-A310 116/9, Availability: Pub. in Carbon Monoxide, p45-67, 1996., 26p Price: NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Title: Deaths caused by carbon monoxide poisoning in an open environment (outdoors). Source: J Forensic Sci; VOL 32, ISS 6, 1987, P1794-5 Title Abbreviation: J Forensic Sci Author: DiMaio VJ; Mesh Headings: Adult*; Carbon Monoxide Poisoning*; Case Report; Human; Male; Suicide*; Abstract: Three deaths as a result of inhalation of carbon monoxide from the exhaust fumes of automobiles are reported. All deaths occurred outside and not in a structure. The individuals were white males, ages 24 to 26 years. Blood carboxyhemoglobin concentrations ranged from 58 (in a decomposing body) to 81%. The three cases illustrate the fact that even in the outdoors death from carbon monoxide inhalation can occur if an individual is in close proximity to a rich source of carbon monoxide. Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE Entry Month: 8805 Language: Eng Cas Registry Number: 0 (Vehicle Emissions) Secondary Source ID: TOXBIB/88/117385 Year: 87 Coden: I5Z Address: Bexar County Medical Examiner's Office, San Antonio, TX. ISSN: 0022-1198 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Title: Inhalation Toxicology. 11. The Effect of Elevated Temperature on Carbon Monoxide Toxicity. Source: Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 13, 1991 Author: Sanders DC; Abstract: TD3: Laboratory rats were exposed (a) to experimental concentrations of carbon monoxide in air at ambient temperature, (b) to elevated temperature atmospheres from 40 deg C to 60 deg C, and (c) to selected carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations at the elevated temperatures in (b). The incapacitating potency of each of the environments was evaluated by measurements of time-to-incapacitation (t sub i) as a function of CO concentration and/or temperature; incapacitation was defined operationally as loss of ability to walk inside a motor-driven, rotating cage enclosed in an exposure chamber. Comparison of data from the combined (CO + elevated temperature) exposures and exposures to CO and elevated temperatures alone indicated than incapacitation occurred earlier when CO inhalation was combined with a whole-body, elevated temperature environment than was observed for the same exposure parameters applied individually. No evidence for a synergistic effect was noted. An empirical equation was derived that allows the calculation of a predicted t sub i for combinations of CO and temperature within the rangers utilized in the experimental exposures. Entry Month: 9112 Secondary Source ID: NTIS/AD-A231 185/0 Year: 90 Address: Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, DC. Office of Aviation Medicine. Identification Number: Rept no. DOT/FAA/AM-90/16 Keywords: Atmospheres Keywords: Atmospheres; Carbon monoxide, Chambers, Comparison, Equations, Exposure(Geneeral), High temperature, Incapacitation; Inhalation; Order Number: NTIS/AD-A231 185/0, 18p Price: NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Title: Toxicological Interactions between Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide. Source: Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 05, 1988 Author: Levin BC; Paabo M; Gurman JL; Harris SE; Abstract: TD3: Fischer 344 male rats were subjected to 30-min individual or combined exposures of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2). All deaths from CO occurred during the exposures, and the LC50 values were 4600 and 5000 ppm, depending on experimental conditions. Animals exposed to CO2 concentrations ranging from 1.3 to 14.7% for 30 min were neither incapacitated nor fatally injured. The addition of nonlethal concentrations of CO2 (1.7 to 17.3%) to sublethal concentrations of CO (2500 to 4000 ppm) caused deaths of the exposed rats both during and following (up to 24 h) the 30-min exposures. The most toxic combination of these two gases (2500 ppm CO plus 5% CO2) increased the rate of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) formation 1.5 times that found in rats exposed to 2500 ppm of CO alone. The COHb equilibrium levels were the same. Exposure to both CO and CO2 produced a greater degree of acidosis and a longer recovery time than that observed with either single gas. The results fit a mathematical model indicating a synergistic interaction. Combustion of 11 materials at their LC50 values indicated that CO was probably the primary toxicant in one case and that the combined CO plus CO2 was the cause of the deaths in three other cases. Additional fire gases need to be studied to explain deaths from the other materials. Final rept., Sponsored by Harry G. Armstrong Aerospace Medical Research Lab., Wright-Patterson AFB, OH. Entry Month: 8805 Secondary Source ID: NTIS/PB88-138888 Year: 87 Address: National Bureau of Standards (NEL), Gaithersburg, MD. Fire Measurement and Research Div. Keywords: Toxicology Keywords: Order Number: NTIS/PB88-138888, Pub. in Proceedings of Conference of Toxicology (16th), Dayton, OH., October 28-30, 1986, p1-30 1987., 30p Price: NTIS Prices: Not available NTIS Supporting Agency: Harry G. Armstrong Aerospace Medical Research Lab., Wright-Patterson AFB, OH. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Title: Influence of the running conditions of a diesel engine on the mutagenic effects of its emissions Source: Sci Total Environ; VOL 134, ISS 1-3, 1993, P61-70 Title Abbreviation: Sci Total Environ Author: Courtois Y; Molinier B; Pasquereau M; Degobert P; Mesh Headings: Carbon Monoxide*; English Abstract; Hydrocarbons*; Mutagenicity Tests*; Nitrogen Oxides*; Salmonella typhimurium*; Abstract: A direct exposure method to detect mutagenicity of car exhausts was applied to study the influence of the running conditions of a diesel engine functioning on an assay platform. Biological and physico-chemical approaches were carried out together to appreciate the quality of diesel emissions. Exhausts, emitted by a diesel engine (Renault, 2068 cm3) were sampled from a dilution tube connected to a constant volume sampler. Regulated pollutants (CO, NOx, HC and particles) and some non-regulated pollutants (monoaromatic hydrocarbons (MAH) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), aldehydes) were analysed when the engine ran at different operating conditions of load (full, 3/4, 2/4 and 1/4) and of engine speed (from 1000 to 4000 rev./min). The mutagenicity (Ames test) of diesel exhaust was assessed by a direct exposure method which does not need extraction of the particles. Bacteria are pre-seeded onto the agar plate and exposed directly to the diesel exhausts parallelly to the measurements of pollutants. The engine speed and the load influence the level, the composition and the induced mutagenicity of the diesel emissions and the results show that: when engine speed increases all the gaz phase indicators increase independently of the load, those of the particulate phase and mutagenicity increase at low load but decrease at full load; when load increase, all the indicators of both phases decrease except NOx which increases. Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE Entry Month: 9309 Language: Fre Cas Registry Number: 0 (Hydrocarbons) Secondary Source ID: TOXBIB/93/296693 Year: 93 Coden: UJ0 Address: LHVP, Paris, France. ISSN: 0048-9697 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Title: Coal-Fueled Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions Assessment. Source: Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 12, 1989 Author: Fanick ER; Abstract: TD3: The objective of this study is to develop emissions information so that the work on coal-fueled diesel engines will include consideration of their environmental impact and necessary emission controls. Only emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), oxides of sulfur (SOx), and particulates will be considered in this assessment. With the exception of HC, there are ambient air quality standards for each of these pollutants. Hydrocarbons are included because they are considered the major reactant in the formation of photochemical smog. The approach that was followed in assessing the environmental impact of a coal-fueled diesel engine involved estimating the exhaust emissions from such an engine based on actual test results and/or theoretical considerations. These emission levels were then compared with emission levels from a diesel engine application that the coal-fueled diesel could be expected to replace. One of the most probable uses of a coal-fueled diesel engine is in railroad locomotives. Coal-fueled diesel emissions were, therefore, compared to the national impact of current diesel locomotives. This comparison revealed which of the coal-fueled diesel emissions are of concern. A study of available emission control techniques for these emission species then defined possible control strategies and estimated cost of such control strategies. 65 refs., 13 tabs. (ERA citation 14:014257) Entry Month: 8909 Secondary Source ID: NTIS/DE89000923 Year: 87 Address: Southwest Research Inst., San Antonio, TX. Identification Number: DOE/MC/22123-2650, Contract AC21-85MC22123 Keywords: Carbon Monoxide Keywords: Carbon Monoxide; Coal; Diesel Engines; Fuel Slurries; Hydrocarbons; Nitrogen Oxides; Particulates; Sulfur Oxides, Coal Preparation, Combustion, Combustion Products, Desulfurization, Emission, Exhaust Gases, Locomotives, Pollution Abatement, Pollution Control; Air pollution control; Order Number: NTIS/DE89000923, Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products., 79p Price: NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01 Supporting Agency: General Motors Corp., Indianapolis, IN. Allison Gas Turbine Div. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Title: ASS: Abgasemission von Schiffsdieselmotoren bei Schweroelbetrieb. (Exhaust emissions from ships diesels in heavy oil operation). Source: Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 19, 1992 Author: Bonk N; Abstract: TD3: As part of the 'Exhaust Emissions from Ship's Diesels operating on Heavy Oil' project, the objective was to adapt, test and possibly extend existing measuring principles for exhaust and their suitability for heavy oil operation, and to determine the exhaust emission from a heavy oil engine. This involved recording the quantities NO sub x , CO sub 2 , SO sub 2 , CO and O sub 2 emitted. Among the variable parameters were load/revs, charging air temperature, air ratio, starting time of pumping and fuel composition by the selection of various different heavy oils. The exhaust discoloration depended mainly on the fuel used and on the evolution of the first phase of combustion. The emission of hydrocarbons showed heavy load-dependency. The level of NO sub x emission was influenced by time. At low combustion chamber temperatures, a high level of CO emission was generated. CO sub 2 generation depended on the C:H ratio of the fuel used. The fuel sulphur content determined the SO sub 2 emission level. (HWJ). (Copyright (c) 1992 by FIZ. Citation no. 92:001369.) In German. Entry Month: 9211 Secondary Source ID: NTIS/TIB/A92-01369 Year: 91 Address: Hanover Univ. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Kolbenmaschinen. Identification Number: Contract BMFT MTK0436 Keywords: Diesel engines, Ships Keywords: Diesel engines, Ships; Exhaust gases, Air pollution, Nitrogen oxides, Load management, Hydrocarbons, Carbon monoxide, Sulfur dioxide; Foreign technology; Order Number: NTIS/TIB/A92-01369, 129p Price: NTIS Prices: PC E14 Supporting Agency: Bundesministerium fuer Forschung und Technologie, Bonn (Germany). +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ NM : Carbon Monoxide REV : 19930427 SYN : CO; Diesel Exhaust Component IMIS : 0560 CAS : 630-08-0 NIOSH : RTECS FG3500000 DOT : 1016 18 DESC : Colorless, odorless gas. MW: 28 BP: -313 F VP: >1 atm MP: -326 F OSHA : 50 ppm, 55 mg/m3 TLV : 25 ppm, 29 mg/m3 TWA REL : 35 ppm 8 hr TWA; 200 ppm Ceiling SYMPT : Headaches; tachypnea; nausea; weakness, dizziness, confusion, halucinations; cyanosis; depressed, ST segment of electrocardiogram; angina; syncope HLTH : Asphyxiation, Chemical anoxia (HE17) ORG : CVS, lungs, blood, CNS SLC1 : MEDIA: Direct Reading Passive Monitor (Draeger Datalogger, 0-999ppm) MAX T: 480 minutes ANL 1: Direct Reading . REF: 2 (OSHA ID-209) SAE: 0.07 CLASS: Fully Validated +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
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